Optimal Policies of Advanced Sleep Modes for Energy-Efficient 5G networks

We study in this paper optimal control strategy for Advanced Sleep Modes (ASM) in 5G networks. ASM correspond to different levels of sleep modes ranging from deactivation of some components of the base station for several micro-seconds to switching off of almost all of them for one second or more. ASMs are made possible in 5G networks thanks to the definition of so-called lean carrier radio access which allows for configurable signaling periodicities. We model such a system using Markov Decision Processes (MDP) and find optimal sleep policy in terms of a trade-off between saved power consumption versus additional incurred delay for user traffic which has to wait for the network components to be woken-up and serve it. Eventually, for the system not to oscillate between sleep levels, we add a switching component in the cost function and show its impact on the energy reduction versus delay trade-off.Comment: The 18th IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA 2019) 26-28 September 2019 Cambridge, MA US

Performance and Energy in Green Superposition Coding Wireless Networks: An Analytical Model

International audienceIn this paper, we develop a powerful analytical model of wireless network with Superposition Coding (SC), also referred to as Non Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA). This model allows to establish a closed form expression of the minimum power a base station (BS) need to transmit, for a user to achieve a given SINR (signal to interference plus noise ratio) whatever its location in the area covered by the base station. It moreover allows to establish a closed form expression of the minimum total transmit power of a base station. These closed form expressions allow to establish performance of wireless networks, by minimizing the base stations transmit powers. As an application, we show that these closed form expressions allow to quantify the energetic performance, spectral efficiency, total throughput and the coverage of a BS, in a simple and quick way

Low-cost extrapolation method for maximal LTE radio base station exposure estimation: test and validation

An experimental validation of a low-cost method for extrapolation and estimation of the maximal electromagnetic-field exposure from long-term evolution (LTE) radio base station installations are presented. No knowledge on downlink band occupation or service characteristics is required for the low-cost method. The method is applicable in situ. It only requires a basic spectrum analyser with appropriate field probes without the need of expensive dedicated LTE decoders. The method is validated both in laboratory and in situ, for a single-input single-output antenna LTE system and a 22 multiple-input multiple-output system, with low deviations in comparison with signals measured using dedicated LTE decoders

Fundamental Limits of a Dense IoT Cell in the Uplink

International audienceThe envisioned Internet of Things (IoT) will involve a massive deployment of objects connected through wireless cells. While commercial solutions are already available, the fundamental limits of such networks in terms of node density, achievable rates or reliability are not known. To address this question, this paper uses a large scale Multiple Access Channel (MAC) to model IoT nodes randomly distributed over the coverage area of a unique base station. The traffic is represented by an information rate spatial density ρ(x). This model, referred to as the Spatial Continuum Multiple Access Channel, is defined as the asymptotic limit of a sequence of discrete MACs. The access capacity region of this channel is defined as the set of achievable information rate spatial densities achievable with vanishing transmission errors and under a sum-power constraint. Simulation results validate the model and show that this fundamental limit theoretically achievable when all nodes transmit simultaneously over an infinite time, may be reached even with a relatively small number of simultaneous transmitters (typically around 20 nodes) which gives credibility to the model. The results also highlight the potential interest of non-orthogonal transmissions for IoT uplink transmissions when compared to an ideal time sharing strategy

Towards a 6G embedding sustainability

From its conception, 6G is being designed with a particular focus on sustainability. The general philosophy of the H2020 Hexa-X project work on sustainability in 6G is based on two principles: to reduce direct negative life cycle impacts of 6G systems as much as possible (Sustainable 6G) and to analyze use cases that maximize positive environmental, social, and economic effects in other sectors of society (6G for Sustainability or its enablement effect). To apply this philosophy, Hexa-X is designing 6G with three sustainability objectives in mind: to enable the reduction of emissions in 6G-powered sectors of society, to reduce the total cost of ownership and to improve energy efficiency. This paper describes these objectives, their associated KPIs and quantitative targets, and the levers to reach them. Furthermore, to maximize the positive effects of 6G through the enablement effect, a link between 6G and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) framework is proposed and illustrated by Hexa-X use case families.Comment: IEEE ICC 2023 Second International Workshop on Green and Sustainable Networking (GreenNet), May 2023, Rome, Ital

6G Vision, Value, Use Cases and Technologies from European 6G Flagship Project Hexa-X

While 5G is being deployed and the economy and society begin to reap the associated benefits, the research and development community starts to focus on the next, 6th Generation (6G) of wireless communications. Although there are papers available in the literature on visions, requirements and technical enablers for 6G from various academic perspectives, there is a lack of joint industry and academic work towards 6G. In this paper a consolidated view on vision, values, use cases and key enabling technologies from leading industry stakeholders and academia is presented. The authors represent the mobile communications ecosystem with competences spanning hardware, link layer and networking aspects, as well as standardization and regulation. The second contribution of the paper is revisiting and analyzing the key concurrent initiatives on 6G. A third contribution of the paper is the identification and justification of six key 6G research challenges: (i) “connecting”, in the sense of empowering, exploiting and governing, intelligence; (ii) realizing a network of networks, i.e., leveraging on existing networks and investments, while reinventing roles and protocols where needed; (iii) delivering extreme experiences, when/where needed; (iv) (environmental, economic, social) sustainability to address the major challenges of current societies; (v) trustworthiness as an ingrained fundamental design principle; (vi) supporting cost-effective global service coverage. A fourth contribution is a comprehensive specification of a concrete first-set of industry and academia jointly defined use cases for 6G, e.g., massive twinning, cooperative robots, immersive telepresence, and others. Finally, the anticipated evolutions in the radio, network and management/orchestration domains are discussed